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The Archanthropus of Petralona Cave.

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THE PETRALONA CAVE.

TWO WORDS ABOUT.

The bejewelled with stalagmites and stalactites Petralona Cave has
been developed on the western side of the limestone Katsika mountain
(~700 m height) and 300 m above sea level. The Cave was spotted in
1959 by the inhabitant of the adjacent village Philippos Chatzaridis
and it became internationally known when the skull of Archanthropus
was found by another villager, Christos Sariannidis.

The systematic excavations in the Cave started in 1965 by the
founder of the Anthropological Association of Greece Ph.D. professor
of anthropology Aris Poulianos. His research proved that
Archanthropus (i.e. an archaic Homo sapiens) has an age of about
700.000 years ago, which is the oldest known European man. This
chronology is based on the detail analysis of the Cave stratigraphy
(until today 28 geological layers have been excavated). Also, it is
based on the study of the Palaeolithic tools, as well as the exact
diagnosis of the Palaeofauna species, which have been discovered in
almost all layers.
Among the fossils of the extinct species found in the Cave lions,
hyenas, bears, panthers, elephants, rhinos, megacerines, bisons, and
various species of dears and equids are included, as well as 25
species of birds, 16 species of rodents and 17 species of bats.

A considerable aid, in reconfirming the age of the Petralona man is
the contribution of the methods advanced by nuclear physics. The
material used for such a purpose were bones, argil, stalagmites and
ashes. The later are traces of fire - the earliest, which have ever
been lightened by human hands on earth.

WORKING HOURS - GENERAL INFORMATION

The Anthropological Association of Greece invites you to visit the
Petralona Cave and Museum in Chalkidiki, which are situated about 40
Km SE of Thessaloniki.

Entrance is allowed from 9 a.m. until one hour before sunset.
Photography is not allowed, for scientific (excavations in progress)
and for safety reasons (various flashes cause damage to the
stalagmitic material).

More information in the tel.: (0030) 0373 71671.

THE HISTORY OF THE RESEARCH IN THE PETRALONA CAVE

(Translation of the chapter excavations from the Ph.D. thesis of
Nickos Poulianos “La grotta e l’uomo di Petralona”, Sept. 1995, ed.
Florence Institute of Anthropology)

THE EXCAVATIONS

Before start any discussion about the stratigraphy, it is necessary
to draw a historical frame of the excavating works which took place
inside the cave, in order to present the sequence of the events
which allowed the extraction of the scientific data hidden in its
sediments.

As formentioned, the first fossils found, were two animal teeth,
which were sent by the Petralona Community to the Thessalonica
University. During the following explorations of J. Petrocheilos
(1959b, 1960a) several bones were also collected, but the exact
number, the discovery site and their present whereabouts, remain
unknown.

The next procedures were promoted by the University of Thessalonica,
judging from the Introduction of the 9th volume of the Institute of
Geological and Underground Research (I.G.U.R). The General Director
Dr. K. Zachos (1964) quotes: “After the discovery of the
Palaeoanthropus skull… studies and systematic excavations of the
cave were conducted by the University of Thessaloniki and the so
extracted material was elaborated by A. Kanellis… Moreover, the
Hellenic Spelaeological Society is continuing its research in this
interesting cave. During 1962 G. Marinos Professor of the Geological
Department of Thessaloniki University and member of the Council of
I.G.U.R. continued the excavations in the cave… and entrusted the
studies of the fossils to the specialist of the Pleistocene mammals,
Professor O. Sickenberg, of the University of Hanover”.

The realization of the excavations also confirms Sickenberg (1964)
and Marinos (1965). Contrary to Zachos (1964), Sickenberg (1964)
indicated that they had been conducted by Prof. A. Kanellis and P.
Kokkoros, while Marinos (1965) himself stated that it was J.
Petrocheilos who explored the cave by a series of excavations.

Despite of the above contradictory statements, J. Petrocheilos, P.
Kokkoros, A. Kanellis and G. Marinos never mention in their works
any systematic excavations. According to the present evaluations it
is not quite clear what exactly occurred during the years 1959-62,
although the issue presents particular interest, especially
regarding the relation of the various fossils collected and the
sediments of the cave.

It still remains a fact though, that the results of these so called
excavations have never been published, while less is known about the
techniques applied. Here, it is possible to refer to a photo (No
9.27, topographic station 136 outer Mausoleum, from east towards
west, fig 7.6), taken by J. Petrocheilos (1960a), where two workers
are distinguished during their effort to “explore” the sediments,
certainly not with the most modern techniques.

The sentence “area of finding bones” and not an excavating area is
used by J. Petrocheilos (1960a) as a legend to the photograph. At
the end of the same article he added: “From the offhand excavated
above deposit… it is assumed that inside the cave there exist a
great number of bones… Consequently, it is necessary for the
I.G.U.R. to proceed excavations in the cave… To this purpose, it
will be sufficient for a geologist to follow such research for ten
days with the help of one or two workers”.

On the same issue, the most detailed description of these years’
works comes from Kokkoros and Kanellis (1960): “At the inner part of
the cave (fig. 7.2) and in it’s lower point, red clay has been found
mixed with destroyed bones. These bone fragments are usually
decayed, fragile and mixed haphazardly with the clay. From such a
mixture, the detachment of big bone fragments still in good shape,
such as astragalusses, vertebras and teeth is easy… We also found
two well - preserved bear skulls in a distance of about 18 m away
from the point where many bones are concentrated inside the (inner)
gallery, which is blocked by inclined soil, reaching up to the cave
ceiling”. In the same spirit, Kanellis (1962) affirmed: “The
excavations conducted in the place where the human skull was found,
as well as in other cave sites, showed that the fossil animal bones
are concentrated towards one part of the cave… which can be
revealed only by systematic research”.

Similarly, Tsoukala (1989, p. 7, 3) in her Ph.D. thesis, presented
at the Thessalonica University, claims that palaeontological
excavations were conducted by the above referred Professors,
although Tsoukala herself (1989, p. 13, 4 and p. 342, 344) affirms
that the palaeontological material studied has been collected from
the cave surface (and not excavated). Obviously, this is the reason
why the exact location of most of the fossils she studied, is
unknown.

Thus, from the bibliography, as well as from the files of the
Ministry of Culture, it is evident that the University of
Thessalonica never realized any systematic excavations at the
Petralona cave. This was achieved later on by the anthropologist Dr.
A. Poulianos, who, from the first moment the human skull was found,
showed great interest, by publishing articles on Petralona (A.
Poulianos 1961, 1963) and getting in contact with the Professors of
the Thessalonica University, as well as with the members of the
Hellenic Spelaeological Society, in order to receive a better
documentation regarding the previous surface explorations.

In 1965, the year of his return to Greece after a period of studies
and research at the Moscow University, A. Poulianos completed his
first inspection at the Petralona cave, along with the guidance of
his guest Prof. Ph. Tobias. As he wrote later (A. Poulianos 1982),
he had immediately suspected the existence of stratified deposits
inside the cave, not referred to previously, mainly in the sector
where the human skull was found, and retained disapproved the
hypothesis of Kokkoros & Kanellis (1960) and Marinos et al. (1965),
according to which the calvarium was transported to the Mausoleum by
running waters.

In the same year (1965), A. Poulianos became member of the Hellenic
Anthropological Association (presidency of Prof. G. Koumaris), while
he was already awarded for his doctorate thesis “The origin of the
Greeks” (1962). He also got a position of scientific counsellor in
the Ministry of Co-ordination and the Administrative Committee of
the Patras University. The next year (1966) he was elected vice-
president of the Hellenic Spelaeological Society and undertook the
responsibility to project further explorations and systematic
excavations of the Petralona cave. This project was delayed because
of the coup d’etat of 1967 and Dr. A. Poulianos was removed from
every state position. In spite of that, during the spring of 1968,
he proceeded the first systematic excavation as the head of an
expedition of the Hellenic Spelaeological Society. The permission
was given to the Society by the local authorities (A. Poulianos
1968, 1971 and A. Petrocheilou 1972).

My first contact with the Petralona cave was during this 1968
mission, helping in light tasks of the excavation and penetrating in
cave fissures of reduced space, almost not accessible to an adult
person. This participation was in follow of a basic spelaeological
training since 1966-7 in various Greek caves (see A. Poulianos
1974).

The first excavating pit has been called Section Alfa and it is dug
inside the Theophrastus hall (of about 30 sq. m large and 4-6 m
high), which is located to the east of the Aristotle’s hall. The
criteria taken into account for this hall to be excavated included
the facts that: a) it is located towards the lower end of the conoid
of the sediments coming from the ancient natural Pleistocene
entrance and, b) its stalagmitic floor remained undisturbed by the
surface explorations of the previous years.

A chain of some 40 workers was used to transport, out of the cave
from Section Alfa, the excavated soil in order to be washed and lead
to the preservation of the remains.

The excavation lasted a month and was compelled to be interrupted in
an abrupt dictatorial way. Immediately A. Poulianos gave a press
conference (18 and 19 of April 1968) presenting the preliminary
results of his research, which were published in the journal of
Archaeology (A. Poulianos 1971). Some years later (see
newspaper “Apogeumatini” 29-6-1972) it became known that it was the
General Director of the Greek Antiquities and President of the
Athens Academy of Science, S. Marinatos who gave the order to
interrupt the excavation and close the cave, using the excuse that
the Poulianos’ scientific work was disturbing the Archaeological
Service. During the same time in the “Ellinikos Vorras” newspaper
(22-6-1972), the Minister of Northern Greece, colonel N. Gantonas,
declared that the research would be proceeded by the Professor of
Geology J. Melentis, who had just been transferred to the
Thessaloniki University and had no experience of the cave. However,
the junta fell soon after (1974) and so the above Professor did not
manage to execute any excavation, although later he tried in every
way to get a priority on the Petralona research (see letters of
Prof. R. Protsch, “Anthropos”, 1983, 1986). Considering the above,
it is obvious that Tsoukala’s (1989, p. 7, 3) claims that Prof. J.
Melentis collected fossils before the A. Poulianos excavations are
inexact.

In the meantime (1968/9) A. Poulianos was forced to resign from the
Hellenic Spelaeological Society, after the demand of its president,
A. Petrocheilou - always due to the political situation - with the
excuse that otherwise the H.S.S. would be endangered. Almost
contemporaneously, the Hellenic Anthropological Association (H.A.A.)
was dissolved by courts using various excuses. Its council members
felt the need to found anew in 1970/1 the Anthropological
Association of Greece (A.A.G.), electing Dr. A. Poulianos as its
president.

Curiously, after the falling of junta, using a law of rehabilitation
of the dictature inconveniences, Professor J. Melentis, “re-
established” under his presidency the Hellenic Anthropological
Association (H.A.A.) in 1976, even though he was not anthropologist
and he had not faced any persecution during the time of dictature.

In 1974 A. Poulianos as president of the Anthropological Association
of Greece restarted the excavations at Petralona with the permission
of the Ministry of Culture, until 1983, when they were again
interrupted for a second time and without been provided any excuse
at all (N. Poulianos 1985). Actually, the future of the research
depends on when the last Supreme Court decision (1994, 1996), which
justified the Anthropological Association of Greece during its legal
confrontation with the Ministries of Tourism and Culture, will be
finally applied.

As concerns the works of the Anthropological Association of Greece
at Petralona, the following summarized picture appears for the years
1974-1983 (see also volumes “Anthropos”):

1974/5: Repetition of the excavation of the Section Alfa, because
many data got lost during the forced interruption of the research in
1968. So, another pit was dug, the Section Alfa 2, close to the
Section Alfa 1. For an easier access to the cave a gallery has been
opened of about 100 m and for its microclimate protection three
intermediate doors were set. Also in this gallery, a small wagon was
installed, to be used in the excavations, as well as in the
transportation of materials necessary for the construction of
adequate corridors for the visitors inside the cave. It must be
noted that, this unique construction did not damage the stalagmitic
surface, because the corridors are situated above the ground and
they can be willingly removed or deviated within a few days.

1976: Excavations in the Section Alfa 2, Butchering hall, Abyss 1
and Section Beta. The topographic mapping of the cave was also
proceeded. The lack of water and electricity in the Petralona region
during the 80’s generated the major difficulties for the research.
The necessary water for the excavations was transported from the
Sozopolis village in special containers. In the 80’s the water was
obtained from an underground source, about 3 Km to the south of the
cave and from a depth of about 60 - 70 m, while today it is coming
from the Galarino village.

1977-83: Excavations in the above mentioned areas as well as in the
Mediterranean hall, Mausoleum, Abyss-2 and 3, Sections Gamma, Delta
and Epsilon. The latter has been excavated from outside the cave and
in correspondence to its ancient natural entrance. During the same
years the Petralona cave was opened for the public (1979). In 1981,
nearby the cave entrance, the A.A.G.’s Anthropological Museum was
established, here the 3rd European Anthropological Congress was held
in the autumn of 1982, under the presidency of A. Poulianos. This
Museum is a construction of more than 1000 sq. m and its associating
buildings offer the possibility to house at least thirty
researchers, since in the initial plans, the foundation of an
Institute of Anthropological Research was also included.

Left: the stratigraphy of Section B. Right: “hanging” stones near
Mausoleum attached to the cave wall by stalagmitic material, the
same way as the Archannthropus skull was found.

In the A.A.G. excavations the most modern methods were applied.
Thus, for the first time small pieces of fossil wood were found, a
leaf of Quercus and hairs incorporated inside very thin stalagmitic
concretions, dated back to the Middle Pleistocene age. Also the
refined elaboration of biostratigraphic data derived from these
palaeoanthropological excavations served for the inter-correlation
among many Eurasian sites.

At this point it is appropriate to mention that, the above works
were financed by the Greek Organization of Tourism with an amount of
23 million drachmas, which covered only a part of the expenses. The
remaining and bigger part was covered by the A.A.G. and mainly by
its president Dr. A. Poulianos (see the 289/24-2-1987 Supreme Court
decision and the 25-5-1988 “ANTI” journal).

1983-1996: Interruption of the works inside the Petralona cave. Any
access to the excavating area and to the material deposited in the
Anthropological Museum was forbidden to the A.A.G. members.
Ironically, the only worker to be fired during the same period was
Christos Sariannidis who found the human skull. Also, loss and
robbery of fossils and of excavating diaries occurred. Likewise,
clandestine intervention in some halls and stratigraphical Sections
took place (A. Poulianos & N. Poulianos, 1988).

The solidarity of the European Anthropologists to the A.A.G., as
much as before (Chiarelli, 1981, Bielitski et al., 1983, Gerassimova
et al., 1983) and also after the second interruption of the
excavations (Gray et al., 1988, Susanne et al., 1988, Henenberg,
1988), was expressed with protests and resolutions during various
European Anthropological Congresses. This fact witnesses the
importance and the interest of the excavations that were developed
at Petralona. On the other hand, this solidarity helped the A.A.G.
members to find the necessary courage to overcome many obstacles
that arose by the interruption of the research, but also rendered
them even more responsible towards the International Scientific
Community.

THE 40th ANNIVERSARY SINCE THE DISCOVERY OF THE

PETRALONA ARCHANTHROPUS’ SKULL

By Dr. Nickos A. Poulianos, President of the Anthropological
Association of Greece

On the 10th of May 1959 was discovered the Petralona cave, which had
been accidentally located by Philippos Chatzaridis. One year later
(16-9-1960) the fossilized cranium of a prehistoric man, covered by
stalagmitic material, was found by Christos Sariannidis. Followed a
short report, published on the newspaper of Thessaloniki “Macedonia”
(18-9-1960), astonishing the scientific world, because in Greece was
never found before a prea- Homo sapiens skull.

The many questions raised were out of the field of the standard
archaeological methodology, especially concerning the age of the
find. The main tool for providing the answers, is the science of
palaeoanthropology in combination with the stratigraphical,
palaeolithical, palaeontological and archaeometrical data.

At that time, specialists in the particular subject, did not exist
in Greece, and for that reason, Professors of the Thessaloninki
University assumed the responsibility of keeping the human cranium.
Same Professors, proceeded with surface collecting of animal bones,
that were spread on the stalagmitical ground of the cave and invited
from abroad two German scientists: the anthropologist E. Breitinger
and the palaeontologist O. Sickenberg. At the same time, they also
contacted the anthropologist Dr. Ar?s Poulianos at Moscow
University, known by his thesis: “The origin of the Greeks” (first
edition 1960), which was based on craniological and anthropometrical
studies of modern Greek populations from Crimea to South Italy. With
these studies, Aris Poulianos demonstrated that the Greek people are
autochthonous, and that their roots are common to those of the
ancient Greeks. By this thesis, he opposed the previous and widely
accepted theories of the German anthropology, which classified
Greeks among Slavic and other peoples.

Regarding the fauna and the man of the Petralona cave, Breitinger
and Sickenberg (1964), came to the conclusion that they are of about
70.000 years old, while Breitinger affirmed also that, from the
anthropological point of view, the cranium is so much similar to
some African findings, that can be cosidered as the “first African
out of Africa”. The Geological Department of Thessaloninki
University adopted these conclusions, and furthermore, raised the
hypothesis that the human skull drifted inside the cave by some kind
of strimwater and thus no palaeontological or stratigraphical
setting of the cranium can be sustained.

Aris Poulianos, after 1965 (year of his return from the former S.
Union) continued his studies on the cranium and the Petralona cave.
Contrary to Breitinger, he stated what today is considered as an
established view, that the Petralona man presents a clearly European
ancestral morphology, which is developed at the area of the South
Eastern Europe. The almost perfect orthognathy, the shape of the
dental arch, the construction of the occipital bone, were among
others, the basic arguments of Aris Poulianos.

The need for systematic excavations and not only surface collection
of findings was imperative. The realization of these excavations,
was delayed due to the military coup in 1967, the removal of Aris
Poulianos from every state job, but also because of his forced exile
for a few months to the islands of Giaros and Leros. Despite all
that, and with perseverance, in the spring of 1968, he managed to
proceed with the first excavation of a cross-section in the
Petralona cave. The excavations were ceased within a month in a
dictatorial way, but the scientific conclusions which are announced
to the Press (April 18th and 19th of 1968 and published in the
journal “Archaeology” in January of 1971), are once again different
from the previous studies. I.e., it is ascertained the existence of
a cave stratigraphic sequence, which dates back more than 700.000
years and, the human presence in almost every geological layer. A
presence that becomes evident from the discovery of palaeolithic
tools of the same age and the traces of the most ancient -until
today- traces of fire that was ever lit by human hand. These
discoveries, revised not only the theories regarding the Petralona
cave, but also all the previous beliefs about the exit of man from
Africa and his arrival to Europe 200-300.000 years ago.

It was then when Sickenberg, complaining that he didn’t have
comparative osteological material during the first study of the
fossils in Thessaloninki, he asked for the findings to be send to
him for a second study. Unfortunately, many of these findings were
never returned. His new study (1971-1975) resulted in what he
called “revision of the Petralona cave fauna”, which was in
accordance with the age determined by A. Poulianos in 1968-1971.

The excavation and research continued when the dictatorship fell,
basically from 1975 up to 1983, with permits given by the Ministry
of Culture and the Archaeological Department. Since there was no
other more qualified authority, the permits were edited in the name
of Aris Poulianos as President of the Anthropological Association of
Greece (A.A.G.). Worth to mention that thanks to his efforts the
Department of Palaeoanthropology-Spelaeology of the Greek Ministry
of Culture was established, with the hope of functioning in the
future as the main institution of protecting the
palaeoanthropological findings of Greece.

At the same time, the land of the cave was expropriated by the Greek
Organization of Tourism (G.O.T.) and under special agreement, the
scientific utilization (1979) of the cave and the findings were
assigned to the Anthropological Association. On the expenses of the
A.A.G., the building of laboratories for the needs of the
excavations, and the construction of a Museum and several guest
houses (1980/1), with a total capacity of 2.000 sq.m. went on.

The new conclusions, which resulted from the second excavating
period, produce new evidence which is based on the studies of what
is perhaps the biggest international scientific group ever formed
for such a scientific topic (46 specialists, from 12 countries). The
Ph.D. Professors B. Kourten (Finland), M. Kretzoi (Hungary), M.
Ikeya (Japan), I. Horacek (Czech Republic), G. Belluomini (Italy),
A. Moigne (France), R. Murrill (U.S.A.), are among the most sonorous
names of the associates chosen by the Anthropological Company for
staffing the research. From the Greek side the names of G. Maniatis
of “Demokritos” (nuclear laboratory), G. Lyrintzis of the Athens
Academy, S. Papamarinoppoulos of Patra University and C.
Papastefanou of Thessaloniki University, should be mentioned.

Epigramatically, the new conclusions as a whole, apart from
confirming, with the use of the most modern methods of absolute
chronology, the age originally determined by Aris Poulianos, they
also concern the stratigraphical relation of the cranium of the so
called Archanthropus with various materials, which date back at
about 700.000 years. The application of the most analytical
excavating methods led to the discovery of remarkable findings like
fossilized pieces of wood, an oak leaf, animal hair and coprolites.
These methods also gave the possibility of correlation of various
excavating sites from Siberia to England, as well as of the safest
age control between them (through their stratigraphical and
palaeontological horizons). The almost continuous presence of the
stone and bone tools of the Archanthropus evolutionary stage, from
the lower (~750.000 years) to the upper (~550.000 years) layers,
showed his long lasting presence in the Chalkidiki area. Besides,
the pattern of the evolutionary course in the area never stopped,
since, anthropologically, Archanthropus’ nearest modern descendants
was proved (already from 1973 at the 9th International
Anthropological Cogress in Chicago by Aris Poulianos) are the nomads
of Pindos mountains, known as Sarakatsani and in general, the
inhabitants of the S. Balkans.

The author (son of Aris Poulianos) is Ph.D. in Anthropology of the
Florence University and member of the International, European and
Greek Anthropological Associations, working at the Department of
Palaeoanthropology-Speleology of the Greek Ministry of Culture. In
his doctoral thesis he proceeded to the research of a part of the
Petralona cave findings and to the composition of the up today
studies, examining also the opposite opinions that had resulted from
time to time. In the preface of the thesis, the Director of the
Florence Institute of Anthropology, professor Brunetto Chiarelli,
quotes : “ The main evidence for concluding that the inhabitation
of Europe amounts to at least 700.000 years, is the human cranium
which was found in the Petralona cave This work forms an offering
of a highly European standard with many original data about the
antiquity, the conditions and way of life of this prehistoric man.
Another side is the discerning but impartial presentation of the
intense scientific disputes, in which were carried along and
implicated even Greek governmental departments”.

As previously mentioned, the excavations of Aris Poulianos continued
until 1983. This occurred because they were interrupted for a second
time, and obviously for reasons completely irrelevant to science.
Any access was denied to the members of his team so much to the
excavations, as well as to the findings, something that is opposed
to every concept of human and research rights. As a result of this,
for 15 years the findings remained inaccessible to study and kept at
the mercy of deterioration, inside the Museum. One approach to the
reasons caused this situation is the fact that the evident target
was: a) to conceal the extend of errors which preceded the A.A.G.
excavations and b) to prevent the extraction of whatever new
scientific conclusions remained yet hidden, so much in the
unpublished findings of the Museum, as well as in the sediments of
the cave. In relation to the above, an analytical memorandum was
submitted to the bureau of the Ministry of Culture in September of
1994. In this, is reported with clarity that besides the efforts
(manifested even in official meetings) of snatching away
intellectual work, the Ministry’s position after 1983 mainly favored
the competitive, mostly foreign, institutions that are involved with
relative studies. Because it is perfectly clear that the braking of
the research of Aris Poulianos gave the chance to the excavators and
researchers from abroad, to reconstruct and reorganize their
theories on similar matters. As a result our country was deprived of
the advances that was deserved.

In 1997 the Anthropological Association of Greece, after 15 years of
trials, was justified by the Supreme Court and was ordered the
continuation of its works in the cave. Since then the G.O.T. and the
Ministry of Culture are trying in any way to overcome the Courts
Decisions (p. ex. by stopping the water and telecommunications
supply, or even by changing the low). Such a tactic is not
acceptable by the A.A.G. and further trials proceed.

In conclusion, and on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the
greatest discovery of the century in the field of Anthropology, one
may say that from the Anthropological Association of Greece all
means possible for the protection of the findings and for the
projection of their great scientific importance were disposed. With
or without the help of the state, it is a necessity but also an
obligation for this effort to be continued. The anthropologists by
the nature of their studies cannot be anything but optimistic. And
this, because they are taught and they teach (in spite of some steps
backwards) the almost constant biological, social and spiritual
evolution of man, and a unique milestone of this evolution is the
Petralona Archanthropous.

SCIENTIFIC BIBLIOGRAPHY REGARDING THE PETRALONA CAVE

Belluomini G., L. Delitala, A.N. Poulianos & N.A.Poulianos (1988) -
Epimerization ages of fossil teeth of Petralona Cave (Northern
Greece). Abstracts of the 2nd Panellenic Congress of Anthropology.
May 27-29, Athens 1988. Report published under the title: The Man of
Petralona, an estimated age by amino acid racemization dating.
Anthropos 12: 59-64. Athens, 1990.

Bielicki T., J. Huizinga & J. Jelinek (1983) - Resolution of the 3rd
European Anthropological Congress. The Proceedings of the 3rd
European and 1st Panhellenic Anthropological Congresses. Anthropos,
10: 3-4. Athens.

Bonis L. de & J.Melentis (1982) - L’homme de Petralona, comparisons
avec l’homme de Tautavel. 1er Congress Int. de Paleont. Humaine -
Nice: 847-869.

Bostanci E. (1964) - An examination of a Neanderthal type fossil
skull in the Chalcidique Peninsula. Belleten, 28:377-381. Ankara.

Breitinger E. (1964) - Der Neanderthaler von Petralona.
Communication at the 7th International Congress of Anthropological
and Enthnological Sciences, Moscow. August 1964.

Budil I. (1990) - Comparative analysis of the basicranial line of
the fossil hominids. Med. Sch. Charles Un., Prague.

Chiarelli B. (1981) - Letter. Anthropos, 8: 6-7. Athens.

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Pleistocene Hominids. A multivariate study of available crania. J.
Arch. Science, 1: 317-342.

Stringer C. B. (1974b) - A multivariate study of the Petralona
skull. Journal of Human Evolution, 3: 397-404.

Stringer C. B. (1980) - Phylogenetic position of the Petralona
Cranium. Anthropos, 7: 81-95. Athina.

Stringer C.B. (1983) - Some further notes on the Morphology and the
Dating of the Petralona hominid. ?

Stringer C. B. (1988a) - Encyclopaedia of Human Evolution and
Prehistory. Ed. I. Tattersall, E. Delson & J. Van Couvering. Garland
Publ. New York & London.

Stringer C. B. (1988b) - Oral on human evolution. 12th Int.Congress
Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Zagreb, July 25-31, 1988.

Stringer C. B., C. F. Howell & J. K. Melentis (1979) - The
significance of the fossil hominid skull from Petralona. Journal of
Archaeological Science, 235-253.

Susanne C., Hauser G. & M. J. Roede (1988) - Resolution of the 6th
European Congress of Anthropology, Budapest, Sept. 1988. Published
in Anthropos 12: 307-316. Athens.

Tsoukala E. (1989) - Contribution to the study of the Pleistocene
Fauna of large Mammals (Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla)
from Petralona Cave Chalkidiki (N. Greece), pp. 360, ph. tab. LXII.

Ullrich H. (1982) - Interpretations of artificial injuries on fossil
human bones, with special reference to Petralona skull. Abstracts of
the proceedings of the 3rd European Congress of Anthropology.
Anthropos, 9: 24. Petralona.

Ullrich H. (1984) - Petralona - eine rituelle Schadelbestattung ?
EAZ Ethnogr. - Archaeol. Z., 25: 585-627.

Unknown (1960) - Skull and bones of a human lived many thousand
years ago has been found in Chalkidiki. “Macedonian” Newsp, 18th
Sept. (Historically, the first publication of the Petralona Man
discovery).

Urisson M.I. (1962) - Skull of Palaeolithic Man from Petralona,
Greece. Voprossi Anthropologhii, 9: 117-121.

Van Vark Gerrit N. (1983) - On the Phylogenetic position of the
Petralona Skull. The proceedings of the 3rd European and 1st
Panhellenic Anthropological Congresses. Anthropos, 10: 88-92.
Athina.

Wintle A.G. & J.A. Jacobs (1982) - A Critical Review of the Dating
Evidence for Petralona Cave. Journal of Archaeological Science, 9:
39-47.

Wolpoff M.H. (1980) - Cranial remains of Middle Pleistocene European
hominids. Journal of Human Evolution, 9: 339-358. London.

Wolpoff M. H. (1981) - Palaeoanthropology, Ed. A. Knopf Inc., NY,
pp. 379

Xirotiris N.(1982) - Der Schadel von Petralona - Wirklichkeit und
Fantasie. Deltion (S.S.H.), XVIII (1,2). Athens.

Xirotiris N.I. & Melentis J.(1982) - New studies on the Petralona
skull. Anthropological Congress of Universitae Carolina Pragensis.
Proceedings: 437-440.

Xirotiris N. & E. Vlcek (1982) - Arago et Petralona:comparisons de
l’endocrane. 1er Congress Inter. de Paleontologie Humaine, Resumes
des Communications, 16-21 Oct., Nice.

Yokoyama Y., J. Quaegebeur, R. Bibron, C. Leger, Zouridakis N.M. &
Guan Jun Shen (1982) - ESR and U/Th dating of Petralona Man’s site.
Abstracts of the proceedings of the 3rd European Congress of
Anthropology. Anthropos, 9: 11. Petralona.

THE INTEREST OF THE MEDIA

More than 1000 media references regarding the research of the
Anthropological Association of Greece have been encluded in the
following catalogues.

6/7/1976 ATHENS NEWS Chalkidiki skeleton belonged to ape man.
23/8/1984 ATHENS NEWS Dispute over N.Greece cave with remains of
man’s oldest ancestor.
24/6/1977 CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR Early Greeks: 700,000 B.C.?
14/6/1988 CORRIERE DELLA SERA Vecchio uomo europeo hai 750 mila
anni.
03/08/76 DAGENS NYHETER (Στοκχόλμης) Ner till varldens aldsta eld.
Bengt Holmqvist
5/12/1975 DIE ZEIT Der strom des guten Blutes.
30/6/1977 DONNERSTAG Alter als der Heidelberg-Mensch.
17/09/72 DRITA (TIRANA) (Σχετικά με το Συνέδριο Ιλλυριολογίας).
8/1/1981 FRANKFURTER ALGEMEINE ZEITUNG Nun ist der Mensch von
Heidelberg wieder der alteste Europas.
27/6/1977 GUARDIAN Greek cave may hold first evidence of fire.
24/6/1977 GUARDIAN Fire power. David Tonge.
24/11/1976 GUARDIAN Petralona man.
23/10/1976 GUARDIAN First European lived in Greece 250.000 years
ago. B. Kurten
18/09/82 HELSINGEN SAANOMAT Miljoonavuotinen eurooppalainen. Anto
Leikola
16/08/67 HELSINGEN SAANOMAT Finnish student in greek jail beaten and
rejected (η περιπέτεια στη φυλακή ενός Φινλανδού κατά τύχη
συγκρατούμενου του Άρη Πουλιανού, ήδη από μηνός εκεί).
20/7/1977 HERALD TRIBUNE INTERNATION. The oldest known European:
Greece’s Petralona Man.
30/8/1984 LIBERATION Les Malheurs d’Aristote le fouilleur fou.
29/8/1984 LIBERATION Erectus le conquerant. Troisieme etape; Israel.
27/8/1984 LIBERATION Il y a huit millions d’ annees: L’ homme.
24/8/1984 LIBERATION Un voyage de huit millions d’ annees sur les
traces du premier homme.
21/1/1977 LONDON TIMES Million year old link with man found in
Greece.
1/8/1964 MOSKOW NEWS Seventh International Anthropological and
Ethnographical Congress.
26/6/1976 NATIONAL ZEITUNG Skelett in Stalagmiten.
22/6/1977 NEW YORK TIMES Cave in Northern Greece is yielding
evidence of early human life.
17/4/1966 NEW YORK TIMES Cretans labeled non-Greek people.
06/06/74 NOVOSTI-BEOGRAD Aris Poulianos - Petralona
05/06/74 NOVOSTI-BEOGRAD Aris Poulianos - Petralona
5/7/1977 OTTAWA JOURNAL New light shed on origin of modern man.
26/7/1977 R Griechischer Forscher fand 700.000 jahre altes Skelett.
Mary Vamiedakis
04/07/92 REPUBLICA Simposio a Cortona.
01/07/77 REPUBBLICA Ecco l’ uomo di Petralona. David Tonge
9/7/1977 SAMSTAG/SONNTAG Der urmensch, der kein Neandertaler 10 war.
29/6/1972 SOFIA NEWS First international congress of thracian
studies opens.
10/07/77 THE SUN 700,000-year-old skeleton found in Greece
18/11/96 TIME Book review (Καταγωγή ελληνικού πολιτισμού).
4/6/1978 TIMES 400.000-year-old skeleton found in Greek cave.
29/6/1977 TIMES Greek skull belonged to earliest European.
22/03/61 VETSIERNAJA MOSKVA Zachita disertatsii. Ανακοίνωση για την
υπεράσπιση του διδακτορικού από τον Άρη Πουλιανό στo Παν/μιο Μόσχας.
Announcement of defending the dissertation thesis of Aris Poulianos
in Moscow University.

Source of this document: Anthropological Association of Greece
http://www.aee.gr

Scintilena - English Version

The Archanthropus of Petralona Cave.

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