Hypogean Archaeology. Research and Documentation of Underground Structures
HYPOGEAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Research and Documentation of Underground Structures
The study and registration of artificial cavities means the documentation of underground structures. Just as Man started creating buildings on the surface of the Earth, over the course of time, he also perforated the surface thus creating new spaces and handing down structures which are essentially intact, which can be studied, restored and even utilised. In fact there exists an underground heritage, consisting of structures both built and buried underground over the passing of time. Our interpretation and understanding of such structures is a source of interesting information on our past, in favour of the present.
This series was created under the aegis of the Federazione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali (F.N.C.A.). Both the trademark and the title were especially created by the editors of this series (info@hypogeanarchaeology.com; c/o John and Erica Hedges Ltd., British Archaeological Reports, 7 Longworth Road, Oxford OX2 6RA Tel/Fax +44 (0)1865 511560; e-mail: publishing@barhedges.com) and their use is reserved for the sole purpose of this product.
The aim is to create a base for the disclosure of relevant, scientific research studies, whether monographs, the works of various authors or documentation from conferences and conventions and a series of easily consultable tools for the development of artificial cavity research.
Italian Cadastre of Artificial Cavities
Part 1
(Including introductory comments and a classification)
This first volume inaugurates the new series of HYPOGEAN ARCHAEOLOGY (Research and documentation of underground structures), whitin the larger production of British Archaeological Reports. It’s a study which promotes the archaeological, architectonical, speleological and historical investigation of artificial cavities.
Intended as an initial contribution to the classification and to our knowledge of artificial cavities, the cadastre includes a “Classification of artificial cavities by typology”, essential for an understanding of the vast range of underground cavities.
Intended as an initial contribution to the classification and to our knowledge of artificial cavities, the cadastre includes a “Classification of artificial cavities by typology”, essential for an understanding of the vast range of underground cavities.
This is the first part of the National Federation Artificial Cavities’ National Cadastre of Artificial Cavities. The underground structures registered are located on Italian territory and are situated in the following regions: Lombardy, Piedmont and Tuscany. Cadastral forms are subdivided in alphabetic order by region and by province. They are listed within the cadastre in ascending order. It should be noted that in the list of artificial cavities in Piedmont, cadastral numbers from 00001 to 00029 and from 00034 to 00036 for the province of Turin, relate to the Verrua Fortress. Cadastral numbers from 00030 to 00033, relate to Pavarolo Castle. Cadastral numbers for the province of Livorno (Tuscany) start at 01000. This is to ensure that the allocation of cadastral numbers within local areas does not overlap. The Livorno Speleological Group has in fact registered numerous mines, both old and modern, particularly in the Campiglia Marittima (Livorno) area. In order to provide additional information and thus a better understanding of each individual structure, a brief historic framework is provided for each group of cavities from a single region.
GENERAL INDEX
Hypogean Archaeology I
General Index V
Introduction 1
Chapter I - RESEARCH, STUDY AND CATALOGUING OF ARTIFICIAL CAVITIES 3
I.1 - Archaeology and artificial cavities 3
I.1.1 - Artificial cavities as a heritage 3
I.2 - Artificial cavities and speleology 5
I.3 - Underground Archaeology 5
I.4 - Artificial cavities and classification 6
I.5 - The seven primary typologies 6
Chapter II - CADASTRE OF ARTIFICIAL CAVITIES: DATA MANAGEMENT 9
II.1 - Census and cataloguing of artificial cavities 9
II.2 - The cadastral form and its compilation 9
II.2.1 - Specifications 9
II.2.2 - Location within the territory 10
II.2.3 - Positioning 10
II.2.4 - Framework data 10
II.2.5 - Classification 10
II.2.6 - Notes 10
II.3 - Notes relative to cadastral number allocation and typological classification 10
II.3.1 - Typological subdivision notes 15
II.4 - Bibliography and the bibliographic form 15
II.5 - Data archiving 16
II.5.1 - Technology and computer science 16
II.5.2 - The advantages and disadvantages of database utilization 16
II.5.3 - Database creation 16
II.5.4 - Multimedia applications on a practical level 18
Chapter III - ITALIAN CADASTRE OF ARTIFICIAL CAVITIES: PART ONE 19
III.1 - Introduction 19
III.2 - Lombardy 19
III.2.1 - CA 00001 LO LC; Grotta Ferrera 21
III.3 - Piedmont 27
III.3.1 - CA 00001 PI AL; “Barbarossa Tomb”; Countermine Tunnel in the Counterscarp Ditch of Gate San Vittorio 31
III.3.2 - CA 00001 PI CN; Counterscarp Gallery of the Bastion of Saint Ignatius 35
III.3.3 - CA 00002 PI CN; Countermine Tunnel of the Counterscarp Gallery of the Bastion of Saint Ignatius 41
III.3.4 - CA 00003 PI CN; Ditch Drainage Tunnel of the Bastion of Saint Ignatius 45
III.3.5 - CA 00004 PI CN; Ditch Counterscarp Cistern of the Main Gate 49
III.3.6 - CA 00005 PI CN; Primary Shelter on the Hornwork Counterscarp 49
III.3.7 - CA 00006 PI CN; Secondary Shelter on the Hornwork Counterscarp 53
III.3.8 - CA 00001 PI TO; First Cannon Room 55
III.3.9 - CA 00002 PI TO; Second Cannon Room 63
III.3.10 - CA 00003 PI TO; Third Cannon Room 63
III.3.11 - CA 00004 PI TO; Donjon Cistern 66
III.3.12 - CA 00005 PI TO; Small Hypogeum Well 68
III.3.13 - CA 00006 PI TO; Fourth Cannon Room 69
III.3.14 - CA 00007 PI TO; Draw-Bridge Cistern 71
III.3.15 - CA 00008 PI TO; Fifth Cannon Room (Merlon Room) 74
III.3.16 - CA 00009 PI TO; False Cistern 76
III.3.17 - CA 00010 PI TO; Sortie Tunnel 79
III.3.18 - CA 00011 PI TO; Celestino Tunnel 79
III.3.19 - CA 00012 PI TO; Room of the Opening 87
III.3.20 - CA 00013 PI TO; First Tunnel Section 91
III.3.21 - CA 00014 PI TO; Second Tunnel Section 91
III.3.22 - CA 00015 PI TO; Chlorine Cistern 94
III.3.23 - CA 00016 PI TO; Filled Well 98
III.3.24 - CA 00017 PI TO; First Countermine Tunnel 98
III.3.25 - CA 00018 PI TO; Second Countermine Tunnel 108
III.3.26 - CA 00019 PI TO; Third Countermine Tunnel 109
III.3.27 - CA 00020 PI TO; First Demolition Tunnel 110
III.3.28 - CA 00021 PI TO; Second Demolition Tunnel 112
III.3.29 - CA 00022 PI TO; Third Demolition Tunnel (Gian Domenico Cella Tunnel) 114
III.3.30 - CA 00023 PI TO; Small Rampart Cistern 116
III.3.31 - CA 00024 PI TO; Po Quarry 116
III.3.32 - CA 00025 PI TO; Wasps’ Static Tank 119
III.3.33 - CA 00026 PI TO; Stairway Static Tank 121
III.3.34 - CA 00027 PI TO; TE.S.E.S. Tunnel 121
III.3.35 - CA 00028 PI TO; Mini-Nymphaeum 126
III.3.36 - CA 00029 PI TO; Postern Passage (Arcadio Corner) 127
III.3.37 - CA 00030 PI TO; Pavarolo Castle Well 130
III.3.38 - CA 00031 PI TO; Garden Sump 134
III.3.39 - CA 00032 PI TO; Garden Cistern 134
III.3.40 - CA 00033 PI TO; Pavarolo Castle Icehouse 137
III.3.41 - CA 00034 PI TO; TE.S.E.S. Room 137
III.3.42 - CA 00035 PI TO; Small Quadrivium Room 139
III.3.43 - CA 00036 PI TO; Fourth Countermine Tunnel 139
III.4 - Tuscany 140
III.4.1 - CA 01000 TO LI; Stronghold Cistern 142
III.4.2 - CA 01001 TO LI; San Jacopo and San Filippo Hospital Cistern 142
III.4.3 - CA 01008 TO LI; Piazzetta Well 147
III.4.4 - CA 01003 TO LI; Church of San Fiorenzo Cistern 149
III.4.5 - CA 01004 TO LI; Long Well 156
III.4.6 - CA 01005 TO LI; Pretorio Palace Cistern 156
III.4.7 - CA 01006 TO LI; Wall Cistern (or Arch Cistern) 163
III.4.8 - CA 01007 TO LI; Villa Lanzi Cistern 169
III.4.9 - CA 01008 TO LI; Caprareccia Cistern 175
III.4.10 - CA 01009 TO LI; Logge Cistern 180
III.4.11 - CA 01010 TO LI; Temperino Cistern 184
Chapter IV - DEFINITION OF AN ARTIFICIAL CAVITY 185
IV.1 - Artificial cavities 185
IV.2 - Other structures classified as artificial cavities 185
IV.3 - Structures to be classified as “artificial cavities” 188
Chapter V - AN UNDERGROUND WORLD: IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY 191
V.1 - Why man creates artificial cavities 191
V.2 - Underground monuments 193
V.3 - Underground investigations 193
V.3.1. - One characteristic of man-made underground structures 193
V.4 - Favourable and Unfavourable Stratigraphic Units 193
V.5 - Basic trinomial 194
V.5.1 - Geological terrain 194
V.5.2 - Physical site characteristics 195
V.5.3 - Place history 195
V.6 - Understanding the purpose of an artificial cavity 195
V.6.1 - Research and processing 196
Chapter VI - INVESTIGATION TOOLS 197
VI.1 - Geology and geophysics 197
VI.1.1 - Cave minerals and formations 197
VI.2 - Mining archaeology 197
VI.2.1 - Surface prospecting in mining archaeology 198
VI.2.2 - Production cycles and historical landscape 198
VI.3 - Archaeometry 198
VI.4 - Applied topography 199
VI.4.1 - Total electronic station 199
VI.5 - Topography and information technology 200
VI.6 - Photogrammetry and phototopography 200
VI.6.1 - Photointerpretation 201
VI.7 - Cartography 201
VI.8 - Research and surface prospecting 202
VI.9 - Other investigation tools: ancient topography, toponomastics and archive administration 202
VI.10. - Planimetric survey 203
VI.10.1 - Running, detailed and in-depth analyses 204
VI.11 - Video and photography 204
VI.11.1 - Surveys and digital photography 205
VI.11.2 - Image rectification and geo-referencing 205
VI.12 - Video films 206
VI.13 - Advancement: speleology and underwater speleology 206
VI.13.1 - Speleology and artificial cavities 206
VI.13.2 - Underwater speleology 207
VI.14 - Risks 207
VI.14.1 - Structural collapse 207
VI.14.2 - Explosive materials and war residues 208
VI.14.3 - Gas 208
VI.14.4 - Animals 209
VI.14.5 - Equipment 209
VI.14.6 - Underwater speleology 210
VI.15 - Biospeleology 210
VI.16 - Legislation 211
VI.17 - Construction site regulations: workplace safety 214
Chapter VII - CLASSIFICATION OF ARTIFICIAL CAVITIES BY TYPOLOGY 215
VII.1 - Typology 1: extraction works 215
VII.1.1 - Mine 218
VII.1.2 - Quarry 224
VII.2 - Typology 2: hydraulic structures 225
VII.3 - Typology 2 a: water supply and transport 225
VII.3.1 - Aqueduct 226
VII.3.2 - Artificial underground canal 232
VII.3.3 - Artificial vaulted canal 235
VII.3.4 - Connecting shaft 235
VII.3.5 - Drainage channel 235
VII.3.6 - Filtering gallery 236
VII.3.7 - Underground emissarium 236
VII.3.8 - Vaulted, natural watercourse 238
VII.4 - Typology 2 c: vertical capture shafts 238
VII.4.1 - Artesian well 240
VII.4.2 - Gauge well 240
VII.4.3 - Ordinary radial well 240
VII.4.4 - Ordinary well 240
VII.5 - Typology 2 b: storage 241
VII.5.1 - Cistern 241
VII.5.2 - Icehouse 245
VII.5.3 - Snowstore 245
VII.6 -Typology 2 d: disposal 246
VII.6.1 - Absorbing well 246
VII.6.2 - Cesspit 246
VII.6.3 - Clarification (or biological well) 246
VII.6.4 - Drainage shaft 246
VII.6.5 - Septic tank 247
VII.6.6 - Sewage system 247
VII.7 - Typology 3: places of worship 249
VII.7.1 - Crypt 251
VII.7.2 - Favissa 251
VII.7.3 - Holy well 251
VII.7.4 - Mithraeum 251
VII.7.5 - Rock hermitage 252
VII.7.6 - Rocky place of worship 252
VII.7.7 - Underground hermitage 253
VII.7.8 - Underground place of worship 253
VII.8 - Typology 4: funerary structures 255
VII.8.1 - Catacomb 255
VII.8.2 - Cemetery 256
VII.8.3 - Columbarium 256
VII.8.4 - Domus de janas 256
VII.8.5 - Foiba 257
VII.8.6 - Morgue 257
VII.8.7 - Necropolis 257
VII.8.8 - Ossuary 257
VII.8.9 - Tomb 257
VII.9 - Typology 5: civil structures 259
VII.9.1 - Artificial grotto 261
VII.9.2 - Butto 261
VII.9.3 - Cellar 263
VII.9.4 - Crypt 263
VII.9.5 - Cryptoportico 263
VII.9.6 - Dovecot 263
VII.9.7 - Granary pit 265
VII.9.8 - Jails 265
VII.9.9 - Mushroom cultivation 265
VII.9.10 - Nymphaeum 265
VII.9.11 - Pedestrian tunnel 265
VII.9.12 - Powder magazine 267
VII.9.13 - Railway tunnel 267
VII.9.14 - Road in cutting 268
VII.9.15 - Road tunnel 268
VII.9.16 - Rock apiary 269
VII.9.17 - Rock dwelling 269
VII.9.18 - Rock settlement 270
VII.9.19 - Sirocco Chamber 271
VII.9.20 - Souterrain 271
VII.9.21 - Storeroom 271
VII.9.22 - Underground dwelling 271
VII.9.23 - Underground oil mill 272
VII.9.24 - Underground palmento 272
VII.9.25 - Underground settlement 272
VII.10 - Typology 6: military structures 273
VII.10.1 - Artillery magazine 280
VII.10.2 - Bastion 280
VII.10.3 - Battery 281
VII.10.4 - Bonnet 281
VII.10.5 - Castle 282
VII.10.6 - Caponier 282
VII.10.7 - Casemate 282
VII.10.8 - Cave works 283
VII.10.9 - Countermine 284
VII.10.10 - Counterscarp gallery 286
VII.10.11 - Cupola 286
VII.10.12 - Defensive Tambour 286
VII.10.13 - Demolition passage 286
VII.10.14 - Demolition tunnel 287
VII.10.15 - Fort 287
VII.10.16 - Fortified cave 290
VII.10.17 - Gun powder magazine 290
VII.10.18 - Mine 290
VII.10.19 - Postern 292
VII.10.20 - Ravelin 293
VII.10.21 - Redoubt 293
VII.10.22 - Reduit 293
VII.10.23 - Road Tunnel 293
VII.10.24 - Shelter 294
VII.10.25 - Souterrain 294
VII.10.26 - Traditore 294
VII.10.27 - Trench 294
VII.10.28 - Tunnel 297
VII.10.29 - War cave 297
VII.11 - Typology 7: unidentified works 301
Chapter VIII - BIBLIOGRAPHY
